QUESTIONS FOR THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
_________________________ regulates BMR
_________________________ makes lymphocyte immunocompetent
_________________________ released when blood levels of Calcium drop
_________________________ Essential hormone for uptake of glucose by body
cells
_________________________ Insulin antagonist; increases blood sugar level
_________________________ regulates body water balance; produced by
hypothalamus
_________________________ secreted in long term stress situations(long term
illness, surgery)
_________________________ fight and flight hormone; increases heart rate and
force of contraction
_________________________ causes milk production
_________________________ produced by adrenal cortex; regulates salt level
_________________________ male hormones
_________________________ protein to which testosterone attaches in blood
_________________________ tropic hormone that regulates the
production of thyroid hormone
_________________________ tropic hormone that regulates the
production of glucocorticoids
_________________________ causes the conversion of angiotensinogen
to angiotensin
_________________________ produced by the heart; causes blood volume to
decrease
Explain what is meant by
the term target cell.
Describe how the nervous
system and endocrine system differ in the way they control effectors.
Define the following
terms and explain how they relate to hormone action: synergism, permissiveness, and antagonism.
Explain how the
posterior pituitary can be considered to be a specialization of the
hypothalamus.
The _____________of the
posterior pituitary are equivalent to the neuroglia
of the brain.
Explain the importance
of Herring bodies.
Name the secretory product produced by the supraoptic
nuclei.
Name the secretory product produced by the paraventricular
nuclei.
The posterior pituitary
is derived from what embryonic tissue?
Define the term antidiuresis.
Discuss the role of the
hypothalamic osmoreceptors in ADH secretion.
The function of ADH is to increase _________________ of water by the
________________.
The net result is to ________________ urinary output and blood volume
___________________. Both of these act to help maintain blood pressure.
As the amount of water in the body _________________ the amount of ADH rises.
The uterus and mammary glands are the target organs for _________________.
In the uterus it causes ___________________ of smooth muscle which leads to
expulsion of the baby and _______________.
How does oxytocin affect the mammary glands?
Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by nerve impulses
from the ______________ during labor or nursing.
The anterior pituitary is derived from what embryonic tissue?
The hypothalamus
secretes:
Hormone Initial Effects Disorders
TRH
CRH
GNRH
GNIH
PRH
PIH
GH-RH
SOMATOSTATIN
The anterior pituitary secretes:
Hormone Initial Effects Disorders
FSH
TSH
ACTH
GH
PROLACTIN
LIPOPROTEIN
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
MELANOCYTE STIMULATING
HORMONE
Explain the effect of
Growth hormone on the following factors and explain why it has its effect.
1. amino acid transport through cell membranes
2. protein synthesis
3. amino acids and proteins
4. fat utilization
5. utilization of glucose for energy
6. glycogen deposition in liver
7. transport of glucose into the cells
8. blood glucose levels
GH affects peptides in the blood called ____________________.
These peptides directly stimulate cartilage and bone.
GH is secreted by the ____________________ in response to _____________
secretion by the _____________________.
GH secretion is inhibited by ________________________ from the
_________________.
Thyroid stimulating
hormone is secreted by the ____________.
Its target organ is the _________, which secretes ___________ and
______________. The hypothalamus regulates its release by ____________________.
Prolactin affects which target organs? _______________
and
_________________ PRF and PRIF control its secretion and are secreted by the
____________________.
The ovaries and testicles are stimulated by ________________
, which in women initiates the development of ________________ in the
ovaries and increases ________________ production. In men it initiates the
development of ________________ in the testes. Its secretion is stimulated by ____________
from the __________.
Name the secretory products of the following
cells: somatotrophs,
thyrotrophs, gonadotrophs, lactotrophs, corticotrophs.
Name the cells that
secrete the thyroid hormones.
Name the main two
thyroid hormones.
Discuss the importance
of thyroxine binding globulin and albumin in thyroid hormone
transport.
The lobes of the thyroid
are connected by the _________________.
The thyroid lobules are composed of spherical units called _______________.
The ___________________ is a protein mass that is found in the thyroid
follicle.
If there is insufficient production of thyroid hormone in the fetus or infan the condition is called __________________. In adults it is called __________________.
Insufficient Iodine results in what condition?
Explain the effect of thyroid hormone on the following factors and why it has
its effect.
1. protein synthesis
2. glucose uptake by cells
3. gluconeogenesis
4. absorption by the gastrointestinal tract
5. insulin secretion
6. fat synthesis
7. lipolysis
8. plasma levels of fatty acids
9. body weight
10. cardiovascular system
11. respiration
12. gastrointestinal tract
13. central nervous system
If there is to much thyroid hormone produced
the condition is called _____________________. One example would be
______________ disease.
Tetraiodothyroinine is also called ________________.
The function of T3 and T4 is to increase ______________,
____________________, and ____________________. They also increase the synthesis of
___________________ in the cells.
___________________ is the mineral necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine and T4.
Explain the condition called expothalmos and its
causes.
Explain the condition
called pretibial myxedema.
Explain the condition
called myxedema.
Distinguish between
endemic and toxic goiter.
Distinguish between follicular and parafollicular
cells.
Calcium levels are
regulated by _____________ & _______________.
What are the target organs of calcitonin? It
increases the reabsorption of _____________ and
_______________. What effect does this
have on the blood? The bones?
Calcitonin secretion is produced by what kind of
cells.
____________________hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland. Its secretion is stimulated by? It has effects
on three organs: ______________________, ______________________, ______________________
The condition where bone becomes deformed and breaks easily (there may be
kidney stones) is called ___________________.
How does PTH affect bone?
When blood calcium levels are too low what effect will PTH have on the kidneys?
What effect will this have on the blood level of calcium? What effect will this have on the blood level
of phosphorus?
High levels of calcitonin will _______________ the
production of PTH.
What are oxyphil cells?
As you get older do the numbers of oxyphil cells
increase or decrease?
The cells that secrete PTH are called ________________ cells.
Muscle spasms and tetany are associated with
_________________.
If your PTH levels are lowered it would ___________________ Ca++ absorption
from the GI tract.
The adrenal glands are found at the upper poles of what organ.
Name the two regions of
the adrenal gland and name the embryonic tissues from which they arise.
Name the precursor chemical that gives rise to the products of the adrenal
cortex.
The zona
glomerulosa produces __________________.
The zona fasciculata
produces __________________.
The zona reticularis
produces __________________.
Where do you find the chromaffin cells.
_________________ is an important mineralocorticoid.
What controls its production? Where is
it produced?
Aldosterone effects what
target organs? It increases the reabsorption of ________________ and the excretion of
_________________ by the ________________.
Because of the aldosterone ions are lost in the urine
and ____________ and ____________ ion are reabsorbed and _____________ is
reabsorbed by osmosis.
Aldosterone helps maintain normal blood pressure and
volume by?
Increased blood levels of __________________ions, decreased blood levels of
__________________ions or decreased _________________ lead to increased aldosterone secretion.
Aldosterone release is also stimulated by an
elevation of the potassium concentration of the fluids surrounding the
______________ glands.
Explain the effect of Aldosterone on the following factors and why it has this
effect:
1. Tubular reabsorption of Sodium (by kidneys)
2. Tubular secretion of Potassium (by kidneys)
3. Tubular secretion of Hydrogen Ions
4. Blood volume
An enzyme released by the kidneys,
____________________, activates angiotensinogen which
is produced in the liver and found in the _____________.
Cortisol is bound to _________________ in the blood.
Cortisol secretion is controlled by _______________
secreted by the ______________. The hypothalamus produces ______________ to
stimulate its secretion.
Explain the effect of Cortisol on the following
factors and why it has this effect:
1. gluconeogenesis
2. glucose utilization by the cells
3. glucose concentration in blood
4. transport of amino acids into the liver cells
5. transport of amino acids into all other cells
6. protein synthesis in liver cells
7. protein synthesis in all other cells
8. fatty acid concentration in the plasma
9. oxidation of fatty acids by cells
When blood levels of glucose fall rapidly, sympathetic innervation
to the adrenal ___________ increase stimulating the secretion of
_____________________ and ____________________. These two hormones stimulate the breakdown of
______________
in adipose tissue. This process is called ___________________. They also stimulate glycogenolysis
in ______________ and ____________ cells. Glycogenolysis
is ____________________________________.
The overall effect of these two hormones is to increase blood concentrations of
_____________, _____________ and __________.
Addison's disease results from?
What does sympathomimetic mean?
What causes Cushing's syndrome?
The endocrine cells glands of the pancreas are called the ______________. The
cell with in the glands are called _____________, ___________, ___________ and __________________
cells.
Glucagon is produced by ___________ cells.
Insulin is produced by ___________ cells.
Somatostatin is produced by __________cells.
Pancreatic polypeptide
is produced by _______________cels.
Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by _________________. Inhibited by
__________________.
Lipolysis is stimulated by __________________. Inhibited by _________________.
Blood sugar will be raised by _________________.
Entry of Amino acids into the body's cells is facilitated by _________________.
Blood sugar will be lowered by _______________________.
The conversion of glucose into glycogen and fat (in the liver) is promoted by
__________________.
In adipose tissue, the
uptake of glucose and fat synthesis is promoted by ___________________.
Protein synthesis is promoted by ____________.
The oxidation of glucose is decreased by__________________.
The main action of glucagon seems to be the ____________________ of glycogen in
the liver.
As the blood sugar rises _____________ insulin is secreted.
As the blood sugar falls _____________ glucagon is
secreted.
Explain the effect of
Insulin on each of the following factors and why it has this effect.
1. Liver uptake, storage and use of glucose
2. Glucose metabolism in muscle cells
3. Fat synthesis and storage in adipose cells and liver
4. Protein synthesis and storage
Explain the effect of Glucagon on each of the
following factors and why it has this effect.
1. Glycogenolysis and blood glucose levels
2. Gluconeogenesis
Briefly describe the control of insulin secretion.
Summarize the role of the liver, glucagon and insulin in maintaining blood
glucose regulation.
Explain why it is imperative that the blood glucose levels be maintained.
Name three tissues that normally can only use glucose as a nutrient.
Explain what happens to the following factors during diabetes: blood glucose
concentration, rate of urine excretion, concentration of glucose in the urine,
acid base balance in the body fluids, blood concentrations of cholesterol and
lipids, and the hydration of the body.
Briefly discuss the basic goal of diabetes treatment and how it is achieved
using short acting insulin, long acting insulin and diet.
Describe the characteristics of a diabetic coma and why its treatment is so
complex.
Name the region of the brain where the pineal gland is found.
Explain why the pineal
gland can be considered a neuroendocrine transducer.
Name the two types of
cells found in the pineal gland.
Discuss the importance
of the brain sand found in the pineal gland.
Name the region of the
body where the thymus is found.
Name the two regions of
the thymus.
Compare an infant thymus
and a geriatric thymus.
Discuss the importance
of the thymus to the immune system.
Name the structure that
is a diagnostic feature for the thymic medulla.
Describe the location of
the ovary in the abdominal cavity.
Name the two regions
found in the ovary.
Name the hormones
produced by the ovaries and briefly discuss their functions.
Name the hormone
produced by the corpus luteum and briefly discuss its
function.
The placenta produces
four hormones: __________________, __________________,__________________,
and_________________
Name the hormones produced by the digestive tract and discuss their target
tissues and the effects they cause.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
is produced by the ________________.
Name the target cells
for Atrial Natrietic
Peptide and discuss the effects they cause.
Vitamin D3 is produced by the skin or absorbed by the digestive tract and is
activated by the ____________________.
Erythropoietin is produced by the ___________________. It is released in response to lowered oxygen
levels, this condition is called ______________.
Discuss the functions of
the testes.
Name the hormones
secreted by the testes, their target cells, and the effects they produce.
Distinguish between the Sertoli cells and Interstitial
cells of Leydig and name the hormones secreted by
each.
Discuss the importance of the epididymis
Most steroid hormones influence their target cells by?
Name the hormones that would be involved in the following conditions:
____________________ Respiratory paralysis (tetany)
____________________ Polyuria, normal blood glucose
levels,
dehydration, excessive thirst
____________________ Cretinism
____________________ Lethargy, hair loss, low BMR, obesity
____________________ Polyuria, high blood glucose,
excessive thirst
____________________ Myxedema
____________________ Endemic goiter
____________________ Miscarriage
____________________ Infertility, lack of secondary sex
characteristics
____________________ Normal body proportions; abnormally small height
The hormone that is the most important regulator of energy production is
_________________.
It increases heat production by increasing the rate of _______________ in the
cells.
Cellular respiration is increased (in stressful situations) by
___________________ (hormone).
Cellular respiration is regulated in normal situations by ____________________.
Men usually have higher metabolic rates because _______________ increases the
metabolic rate to a greater degree than does ______________.
When ADH levels in the plasma are high, the collecting tubules of the kidneys
are very _________________ to water.
Renin is secreted by the __________________ apparatus
of the kidneys.
Angiotensin is activated as it passes through the
_____________.
Angiotensinogen is made in the __________________.
Lowering extracellular calcium levels will stimulate ________________ secretion,
The inhibition of calcium release by the bones is accomplished by
_______________________.
The movement of calcium and phosphate from bone into extracellular fluid is
caused by ____________________.
High extracellular levels of calcium cause an increased secretion of
____________________.
Hormones whose primary target organs are other endocrine glands are called
__________________.
Releasing or inhibiting hormones are produced by the ________________.